مُخْتَصَرٌ مِنْ كِتَابِ فَهْمِ الصَّلَاةِ
Mukhtaṣarun min Kitābi Fahmi al-Ṣalāti
A Short Version of the Book Understanding Prayer
الْحَارِثُ بْنُ أَسَدٍ الْمُحَاسِبِيُّ
Al-Ḥārithu bnu ʾAsadin al-Muḥāsibiyyu
Al-Ḥārith ibn Asad al-Muḥāsibī
Source page 357
بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
Bismi Allāhi al-raḥmāni al-raḥīmi
In the name of God, the All-Merciful, the Compassionate
رُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ [أَنَّهُ] قَالَ:
Ruwiya ʿani al-nabiyyi ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama [ʾannahu] qāla:
It is reported from the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, [that he] said:
«الطُّهُورُ شَطْرُ الْإِيمَانِ».
«al-ṭuhūru shaṭru al-ʾīmāni».
“Purification is half of faith.”
وَقَالَ بَعْضُ الْعُلَمَاءِ: «إِنَّمَا سُمِّيَتِ الصَّلَاةُ لِأَنَّهَا صِلَةٌ بَيْنَ الْعَبْدِ وَبَيْنَ اللّٰهِ تَعَالَى».
Wa-qāla baʿḍu al-ʿulamāʾi: «ʾinnamā summiyati al-ṣalātu li-ʾannahā ṣilatun bayna al-ʿabdi wa-bayna Allāhi taʿālā».
One of the scholars said, “Prayer is so called because it is a connection between the servant and God Most High.”
وَالدُّخُولُ فِيهَا: الدُّخُولُ إِلَى اللّٰهِ سُبْحَانَهُ، وَالْوُقُوفُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ لِمُنَاجَاتِهِ. فَإِنَّ كُلَّ مَا فَعَلَ مِنْ قِرَاءَةٍ وَدُعَاءٍ وَذِكْرٍ فَهُوَ مُنَاجٍ لِرَبِّهِ جَلَّ وَعَزَّ، كَمَا جَاءَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ:
Wa-al-dukhūlu fīhā: al-dukhūlu ʾilā Allāhi subḥānahu, wa-al-wuqūfu bayna yadayhi limunājātihi. fa-ʾinna kulla mā faʿala min qirāʾatin wa-duʿāʾin wa-dhikrin fa-huwa munājin lirabbihi jalla wa-ʿazza, kamā jāʾa fī al-ḥadīthi:
To enter prayer is to enter the presence of God, glory be to Him, and stand before Him in intimate conversation. Whatever a person does in it, whether reciting, supplicating, or remembering God, he is speaking intimately to his Lord, majestic and mighty, as the report says:
«إِنَّ الْمُصَلِّيَ يُنَاجِي رَبَّهُ».
«ʾinna al-muṣalliya yunājī rabbahu».
“The person praying speaks intimately to his Lord.”
وَلْيَكُنْ عَمَلُهُ فِيهَا إِخْلَاصَ الْقَلْبِ وَالْجَوَارِحِ.
Wa-l-yakun ʿamaluhu fīhā ʾikhlāṣa al-qalbi wa-al-jawāriḥi.
Let his practice in prayer be to devote his heart and limbs sincerely to God.
Source page 359
الْوُضُوءُ
Al-wuḍūʾu
Ritual washing
وَتَبْدَأُ بِالْوُضُوءِ بِمَاءٍ طَاهِرٍ غَيْرِ مَشُوبٍ بِشَيْءٍ خَالَطَهُ، تَعْتَقِدُ نِيَّةَ الْوُضُوءِ فَتُسَمِّي اللّٰهَ تَعَالَى، ثُمَّ تَغْسِلُ كَفَّيْكَ ثَلَاثًا، ثُمَّ تَأْخُذُ الْمَاءَ بِيَدِكَ الْيُمْنَى فَتُفْرِغُ عَلَى الْيُسْرَى حَتَّى تَسْتَنْجِيَ، وَيَبْقَى مَا هُنَالِكَ ثُمَّ بِحَائِطٍ أَوْ بِالْأَرْضِ تَغْسِلُهَا.
Wa-tabdaʾu bi-al-wuḍūʾi bimāʾin ṭāhirin ghayri mashūbin bishayʾin khālaṭahu, taʿtaqidu niyyata al-wuḍūʾi fa-tusammī Allāha taʿālā, thumma taghsilu kaffayka thalāthan, thumma taʾkhudhu al-māʾa biyadika al-yumnā fa-tufrighu ʿalā al-yusrā ḥattā tastanjiya, wa-yabqā mā hunālika thumma biḥāʾiṭin ʾaw bi-al-ʾarḍi taghsiluhā.
Begin the ritual washing with pure water, unmixed with anything that has entered it. Form the intention to perform the washing and pronounce the name of God Most High. Wash your hands three times. Then take water in your right hand and pour it onto your left until you have cleansed your private parts. What remains there, then against a wall or the ground you wash it [the wording is unclear].
فَقُلْتُ: وَفِي ذَلِكَ أَثَرٌ.
Fa-qultu: wa-fī dhālika ʾatharun.
I said, “There is also a transmitted account concerning that.”
ثُمَّ تَتَمَضْمَضُ وَتَسْتَنْشِقُ ثَلَاثًا، فَإِنْ شِئْتَ جَمَعْتَ فِي غُرْفَةٍ بَيْنَ الْمَضْمَضَةِ وَالِاسْتِنْثَارِ، وَإِنْ شِئْتَ فَرَّقْتَ.
Thumma tatamaḍmaḍu wa-tastanshiqu thalāthan, fa-ʾin shiʾta jamaʿta fī ghurfatin bayna al-maḍmaḍati wa-al-istinthāri, wa-ʾin shiʾta farraqta.
Then rinse your mouth and draw water into your nose three times. If you wish, use one handful both to rinse your mouth and to clear your nose; or do them separately if you prefer.
ثُمَّ تَغْتَرِفُ الْمَاءَ بِيَدِكَ الْيُمْنَى فَتُفْرِغُ بَعْضَهَا فِي الْيُسْرَى، ثُمَّ تَغْسِلُ بِهَا وَجْهَكَ، تَبْدَأُ بِأَعْلَاهُ، وَتَقْصِدُ الْمَاقَتَيْنِ بِبَعْضِ أَصَابِعِكَ حَتَّى يَصِلَ إِلَيْهَا الْمَاءُ، فَإِنَّهَا مَوْضِعُ الرَّمَصِ، وَمُجْتَمَعُ الْكُحْلِ فَيَيْبَسُ.
Thumma taghtarifu al-māʾa biyadika al-yumnā fa-tufrighu baʿḍahā fī al-yusrā, thumma taghsilu bihā wajhaka, tabdaʾu bi-ʾaʿlāhu, wa-taqṣidu al-māqatayni bibaʿḍi ʾaṣābiʿika ḥattā yaṣila ʾilayhā al-māʾu, fa-ʾinnahā mawḍiʿu al-ramaṣi, wa-mujtamaʿu al-kuḥli fa-yaybasu.
Then scoop up water in your right hand and pour some into the left. Wash your face with it, beginning at the top. Direct some of your fingers to the inner corners of the eyes so that water reaches them: eye discharge and kohl collect there and dry.
Source page 360
وَرُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ. فَتَغْسِلُ وَجْهَكَ ثَلَاثًا.
Wa-ruwiya ʿani al-nabiyyi ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama ʾannahu faʿala dhālika. fa-taghsilu wajhaka thalāthan.
It is reported that the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, did this. Wash your face three times.
ثُمَّ تَغْسِلُ يَدَيْكَ الْيُمْنَى ثَلَاثًا، ثُمَّ الْيُسْرَى ثَلَاثًا، وَتُحَرِّكُ خَاتَمَكَ لِأَنَّهُ رُبَّمَا كَانَ ضَيِّقًا، وَهُوَ فِي الْجَنَابَةِ أَشَدُّ،
Thumma taghsilu yadayka al-yumnā thalāthan, thumma al-yusrā thalāthan, wa-tuḥarriku khātamaka li-ʾannahu rubbamā kāna ḍayyiqan, wa-huwa fī al-janābati ʾashaddu,
Then wash your two hands: the right three times and then the left three times. Move your ring, since it may be tight; this is more important when washing after major sexual impurity.
وَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُنْ تُحَرِّكُهُ رَجَوْتُ أَنْ يُجْزِيَكَ لِأَنَّ الْمَاءَ لَطِيفٌ لَا يَكَادُ يَمْنَعُهُ الْخَاتَمُ، وَتَحَرُّكُهُ أَحْسَنُ، وَقَدْ فَعَلَهُ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ الصَّدْرِ الْأَوَّلِ.
Wa-ʾin lam takun tuḥarrikuhu rajawtu ʾan yujziyaka li-ʾanna al-māʾa laṭīfun lā yakādu yamnaʿuhu al-khātamu, wa-taḥarrukuhu ʾaḥsanu, wa-qad faʿalahu jamāʿatun mina al-ṣadri al-ʾawwali.
If you do not move it, I hope that your washing will suffice, since water is fine enough that the ring will scarcely keep it out. Moving it is better, however, and a number of the earliest Muslims did so.
ثُمَّ تُفْرِغُ الْمَاءَ مِنْ كَفِّكَ الْيُمْنَى عَلَى الْيُسْرَى، ثُمَّ تَمْسَحُ رَأْسَكَ مِنْ طَرَفِ شَعْرِكَ مِنْ مُقَدَّمِ رَأْسِكَ، وَقَدْ فَرَّقْتَ أَطْرَافَ أَصَابِعِ يَدَيْكَ حَتَّى تَبْلُغَ الْقَفَا، ثُمَّ تُوَلِّيهِمَا إِلَى حَيْثُ بَدَأْتَ،
Thumma tufrighu al-māʾa min kaffika al-yumnā ʿalā al-yusrā, thumma tamsaḥu raʾsaka min ṭarafi shaʿrika min muqaddami raʾsika, wa-qad farraqta ʾaṭrāfa ʾaṣābiʿi yadayka ḥattā tablugha al-qafā, thumma tuwallīhimā ʾilā ḥaythu badaʾta,
Then pour water from your right palm onto the left. Wipe your head from the hairline at the front, spreading your fingertips until you reach the nape. Bring both hands back to where you began.
ثُمَّ تُسْبِلُ كَفَّيْكَ إِلَى صُدْغَيْكَ إِلَى عَظْمَيْ أَعَالِي لِحْيَتِكَ، ثُمَّ تُدَلِّيهِمَا إِلَى فَوْدَيْكَ لِأَنَّ الْعُلَمَاءَ أَنْزَلُوا الرَّأْسَ إِلَى الْعَظْمَيْنِ، وَهُمَا حَدُّ حَلْقِ الْمُحْرِمِ رَأْسَهُ،
Thumma tusbilu kaffayka ʾilā ṣudghayka ʾilā ʿaẓmay ʾaʿālī liḥyatika, thumma tudallīhimā ʾilā fawdayka li-ʾanna al-ʿulamāʾa ʾanzalū al-raʾsa ʾilā al-ʿaẓmayni, wa-humā ḥaddu ḥalqi al-muḥrimi raʾsahu,
Lower your palms to your temples and to the two bones at the top of your beard, then down to the sides of your head. The scholars extend the limits of the head down to these two bones, which mark the extent to which a pilgrim shaves his head.
ثُمَّ تَمْسَحُ أُذُنَيْكَ ظَاهِرًا وَبَاطِنًا وَتُدْخِلُ سَبَّابَتَيْكَ فِي عُضْوَيْهِمَا، وَتَمْسَحُ بِإِبْهَامَيْكَ ظَاهِرَهُمَا.
Thumma tamsaḥu ʾudhunayka ẓāhiran wa-bāṭinan wa-tudkhilu sabbābatayka fī ʿuḍwayhimā, wa-tamsaḥu bi-ʾibhāmayka ẓāhirahumā.
Then wipe your ears inside and out, inserting your index fingers into their two parts [as the source reads] and wiping the outside with your thumbs.
وَأَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ أَنْ تُنْزِلَ كَفَّيْكَ عَلَى عَارِضَيْكَ، ثُمَّ تُسْبِلَهَا إِلَى بَاطِنِ لِحْيَتِكَ، وَإِنْ أَخَذْتَ لِقَفَاكَ مَاءً جَدِيدًا فَمَسَحْتَهُ بِهِ كَانَ أَفْضَلَ، وَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْكَ، وَحَسَنٌ ائْتِنَافُ الْمَاءِ لِأُذُنَيْكَ، وَلَيْسَ بِوَاجِبٍ.
Wa-ʾaḥabbu ʾilayya ʾan tunzila kaffayka ʿalā ʿāriḍayka, thumma tusbilahā ʾilā bāṭini liḥyatika, wa-ʾin ʾakhadhta liqafāka māʾan jadīdan fa-masaḥtahu bihi kāna ʾafḍala, wa-laysa dhālika ʿalayka, wa-ḥasanun iʾtināfu al-māʾi li-ʾudhunayka, wa-laysa biwājibin.
I prefer that you lower your palms along the sides of your beard and then down to its underside. If you take fresh water for your nape and wipe it with that, it is better, though you are not obliged to do so. Taking fresh water for your ears is also good, but not obligatory.
وَقَدْ رُوِيَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَسَحَ أُذُنَيْهِ مَعَ رَأْسِهِ، وَلَمْ يُذْكَرْ عَنْهُ أَنَّهُ ائْتَنَفَ الْمَاءَ لَهُمَا. وَكَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللّٰهُ عَنْهُ يَأْتَنِفُ الْمَاءَ لَهُمَا.
Wa-qad ruwiya ʾanna al-nabiyya ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama masaḥa ʾudhunayhi maʿa raʾsihi, wa-lam yudhkar ʿanhu ʾannahu iʾtanafa al-māʾa lahumā. wa-kāna ibnu ʿUmara raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhu yaʾtanifu al-māʾa lahumā.
It is reported that the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, wiped his ears together with his head; the account does not mention his taking fresh water for them. Ibn ʿUmar, may God be pleased with him, used to take fresh water for them.
Source pages 360–361
ثُمَّ تَغْسِلُ رِجْلَكَ الْيُمْنَى ثَلَاثًا ظَاهِرًا وَبَاطِنًا، ثُمَّ تَغْسِلُ رِجْلَكَ الْيُسْرَى كَذَلِكَ، وَتُخَلِّلُ [بَيْنَ] أَصَابِعِهَا.
Thumma taghsilu rijlaka al-yumnā thalāthan ẓāhiran wa-bāṭinan, thumma taghsilu rijlaka al-yusrā ka-dhālika, wa-tukhallilu [bayna] ʾaṣābiʿihā.
Then wash your right foot three times, on top and underneath. Wash your left foot in the same way, working [between] its toes.
Source page 361
وَأَنْتَ فِي أَخْذِكَ الْمَاءَ مُعَظِّمٌ لِلّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ بِقَلْبِكَ فِي طَهَارَتِكَ لَهُ، وَإِنِ اسْتَطَعْتَ تَجْدِيدَ نِيَّةِ التَّوْبَةِ مِنَ الذُّنُوبِ لِتَجْمَعَ بَيْنَ طُهْرِ التَّوْبَةِ وَطُهْرِ الْوُضُوءِ فَعَلْتَ، لِأَنَّ اللّٰهَ سُبْحَانَهُ جَمَعَهَا فَقَالَ:
Wa-ʾanta fī ʾakhdhika al-māʾa muʿaẓẓimun li-llāhi ʿazza wa-jalla biqalbika fī ṭahāratika lahu, wa-ʾini istaṭaʿta tajdīda niyyati al-tawbati mina al-dhunūbi litajmaʿa bayna ṭuhri al-tawbati wa-ṭuhri al-wuḍūʾi faʿalta, li-ʾanna Allāha subḥānahu jamaʿahā fa-qāla:
As you take the water, honor God, mighty and majestic, in your heart as you purify yourself for Him. If you can renew your intention to repent of your sins, do so, joining the purity of repentance to the purity of ritual washing. God, glory be to Him, brought them together when He said:
﴿إِنَّ اللّٰهَ يُحِبُّ التَّوَّابِينَ وَالْمُتَطَهِّرِينَ﴾.
﴿ʾinna Allāha yuḥibbu al-tawwābīna wa-al-mutaṭahhirīna﴾.
“God loves those who repeatedly repent and those who purify themselves.”
وَتُؤَمِّلُ فِي كُلِّ عُضْوٍ تَغْسِلُهُ أَوْ تَمْسَحُهُ تَكْفِيرَ مَا أَصَبْتَ مِنَ الذُّنُوبِ بِجَوَارِحِكَ، لِمَا جَاءَ فِي ذَلِكَ.
Wa-tuʾammilu fī kulli ʿuḍwin taghsiluhu ʾaw tamsaḥuhu takfīra mā ʾaṣabta mina al-dhunūbi bijawāriḥika, limā jāʾa fī dhālika.
With every limb you wash or wipe, hope for the expiation of the sins you have committed with your limbs, in accordance with the reports about this.
فَإِذَا فَرَغْتَ مِنْ وُضُوئِكَ أَحْبَبْتُ لَكَ أَنْ تَشْهَدَ أَلَّا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا اللّٰهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ ثَلَاثًا، فَقَدْ رُوِيَ لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّ: «مَنْ قَالَهَا بِأَثَرِ وُضُوئِهِ فُتِحَتْ لَهُ أَبْوَابُ الْجَنَّةِ يَدْخُلُ مِنْ أَيِّهَا شَاءَ».
Fa-ʾidhā faraghta min wuḍūʾika ʾaḥbabtu laka ʾan tashhada ʾallā ʾilāha ʾillā Allāhu, wa-ʾanna Muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa-rasūluhu thalāthan, fa-qad ruwiya li-al-nabiyyi ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama ʾanna: «man qālahā bi-ʾathari wuḍūʾihi futiḥat lahu ʾabwābu al-jannati yadkhulu min ʾayyihā shāʾa».
When you finish your washing, I would like you to testify three times that there is no god but God and that Muḥammad is His servant and messenger. For it is reported of the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, that “Whoever says this after his washing will have the gates of the Garden opened to him, and may enter through whichever one he wishes.”
وَتَقُولُ: «اللّٰهُمَّ اجْعَلْنِي مِنَ التَّوَّابِينَ وَاجْعَلْنِي مِنَ الْمُتَطَهِّرِينَ». فَقَدْ رُوِيَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللّٰهُ عَنْهُ.
Wa-taqūlu: «Allāhumma ijʿalnī mina al-tawwābīna wa-ijʿalnī mina al-mutaṭahhirīna». fa-qad ruwiya dhālika ʿan ʿAliyyin raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhu.
Say, “O God, make me one of those who repeatedly repent, and make me one of those who purify themselves.” This is reported from ʿAlī, may God be pleased with him.
Source pages 361–362
وَإِنْ جَاوَزْتَ مِرْفَقَيْكَ وَكَعْبَيْكَ فَهُوَ أَفْضَلُ لِقَوْلِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: «مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ أَنْ يُطِيلَ غُرَّتَهُ فَلْيَفْعَلْ». وَرُوِيَ أَنَّ «الْحِلْيَةَ تَبْلُغُ مَوَاضِعَ الْوُضُوءِ». وَكَانَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللّٰهُ عَنْهُ يَغْسِلُ الْعَضُدَيْنِ مَعَ يَدَيْهِ، وَالسَّاقَيْنِ مَعَ رِجْلَيْهِ.
Wa-ʾin jāwazta mirfaqayka wa-kaʿbayka fa-huwa ʾafḍalu liqawli al-nabiyyi ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama: «mani istaṭāʿa ʾan yuṭīla ghurratahu fa-l-yafʿal». wa-ruwiya ʾanna «al-ḥilyata tablughu mawāḍiʿa al-wuḍūʾi». wa-kāna ʾAbū Hurayrata raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhu yaghsilu al-ʿaḍudayni maʿa yadayhi, wa-al-sāqayni maʿa rijlayhi.
It is better to wash beyond your elbows and ankles, because the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, said, “Whoever can extend his radiance should do so.” It is also reported that “Adornment reaches the places touched by ritual washing.” Abū Hurayra, may God be pleased with him, used to wash his upper arms along with his hands and his shins along with his feet.
Source page 362
وَاحْذَرِ السَّرَفَ فِي الْمَاءِ، فَإِنَّ اللّٰهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لَا يُحِبُّ فِيهِ السَّرَفَ، وَقَدْ سَمَّاهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ اعْتِدَاءً وَظُلْمًا، وَقَالَ: «سَيَكُونُ قَوْمٌ مِنْ هٰذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ يَعْتَدُونَ فِي الدُّعَاءِ وَالطُّهُورِ». وَتَوَضَّأَ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ثَلَاثًا، فَقَالَ: «هٰكَذَا الْوُضُوءُ، فَمَنْ زَادَ فَقَدْ ظَلَمَ وَأَسَاءَ» أَوْ «أَسَاءَ وَظَلَمَ».
Wa-iḥdhari al-sarafa fī al-māʾi, fa-ʾinna Allāha ʿazza wa-jalla lā yuḥibbu fīhi al-sarafa, wa-qad sammāhu al-nabiyyu ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama iʿtidāʾan wa-ẓulman, wa-qāla: «sayakūnu qawmun min hādhihi al-ʾummati yaʿtadūna fī al-duʿāʾi wa-al-ṭuhūri». wa-tawaḍḍaʾa ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama thalāthan, fa-qāla: «hākadhā al-wuḍūʾu, fa-man zāda fa-qad ẓalama wa-ʾasāʾa» ʾaw «ʾasāʾa wa-ẓalama».
Beware of wasting water, for God, mighty and majestic, does not love excess in its use. The Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, called it transgression and wrongdoing, saying, “There will be people in this community who go too far in supplication and purification.” He, God bless him and grant him peace, performed the washing three times and said, “This is how ritual washing is done. Whoever adds to it has done wrong and behaved badly,” or “behaved badly and done wrong.”
وَيُقَالُ: «مِنْ وَهَنِ عِلْمِ الرَّجُلِ وَلُوعُهُ بِالْمَاءِ وَالطُّهْرِ».
Wa-yuqālu: «min wahani ʿilmi al-rajuli walūʿuhu bi-al-māʾi wa-al-ṭuhri».
It is said, “A man’s obsession with water and purification shows the weakness of his knowledge.”
وَقَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ أَدْهَمَ: كَانَ يُقَالُ: أَوَّلُ مَا يَبْدَأُ الْوَسْوَاسُ مِنْ قِبَلِ الطُّهُورِ.
Wa-qāla ʾIbrāhīmu bnu ʾAd-hama: kāna yuqālu: ʾawwalu mā yabdaʾu al-waswāsu min qibali al-ṭuhūri.
Ibrāhīm ibn Adham said, “People used to say that obsessive whispering first begins with purification.”
وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ: إِنَّ شَيْطَانًا يَضْحَكُ بِالنَّاسِ فِي الْوُضُوءِ يُقَالُ لَهُ: الْوَلَهَانُ.
Wa-qāla al-Ḥasanu: ʾinna shayṭānan yaḍḥaku bi-al-nāsi fī al-wuḍūʾi yuqālu lahu: al-walahānu.
Al-Ḥasan said, “There is a devil who makes fools of people during ritual washing, called al-Walahān.”
وَقَالَ الْقَاسِمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ: لَوْ غَرَفْتُ غُرْفَةً فَكَفَتْنِي لَمْ أُبَالِ أَلَّا أَزِيدَ.
Wa-qāla al-Qāsimu bnu Muḥammadin: law gharaftu ghurfatan fa-kafatnī lam ʾubāli ʾallā ʾazīda.
Al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad said, “If I scooped up one handful and it was enough for me, I would not mind using no more.”
Source page 363
وَأَمَّا الْغُسْلُ، فَإِنَّكَ إِذَا اسْتَنْجَيْتَ وَأَنْقَيْتَ الْأَذَى. فَقَدْ رُوِيَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ [كَانَ] يَتَوَضَّأُ إِلَّا رِجْلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ يَغْتَرِفُ لِرَأْسِهِ ثَلَاثَ غُرَفَاتٍ فَيَغْسِلُهُ.
Wa-ʾammā al-ghuslu, fa-ʾinnaka ʾidhā istanjayta wa-ʾanqayta al-ʾadhā. fa-qad ruwiya ʾanna al-nabiyya ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama [kāna] yatawaḍḍaʾu ʾillā rijlayhi, thumma yaghtarifu liraʾsihi thalātha ghurafātin fa-yaghsiluhu.
As for the full ritual bath, when you have cleansed your private parts and removed the impurity: it is reported that the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, [used to] perform the ritual washing except for his feet, then scoop up three handfuls for his head and wash it.
وَرُوِيَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَصُبُّ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ حَتَّى يَبُلَّ الشَّعْرَ، وَيُنْقِيَ الْبَشَرَةَ، ثُمَّ يَغْتَرِفُ ثَلَاثَ غُرَفَاتٍ، وَهٰذَا أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ.
Wa-ruwiya ʾannahu kāna yaṣubbu ʿalā raʾsihi ḥattā yabulla al-shaʿra, wa-yunqiya al-basharata, thumma yaghtarifu thalātha ghurafātin, wa-hādhā ʾaḥabbu ʾilayya.
It is also reported that he would pour water over his head until he had wet the hair and cleaned the skin, then scoop up three handfuls. I prefer this.
ثُمَّ ابْدَأْ بِمَيَامِنِكَ، تَغْسِلُ شِقَّكَ الْأَيْمَنَ، ثُمَّ الْأَيْسَرَ، وَتَصُبُّ عَلَى ظَهْرِكَ وَبَطْنِكَ حَتَّى تَأْتِيَ عَلَى سَائِرِ جَسَدِكَ. ثُمَّ تَتَجَافَى عَنْ مَوْضِعِكَ فَتَغْسِلُ قَدَمَيْكَ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمَوْضِعُ مُنْحَدِرًا فَاغْسِلْ فِيهِ قَدَمَيْكَ إِنْ شِئْتَ أَمْ فِي غَيْرِهِ.
Thumma ibdaʾ bimayāminika, taghsilu shiqqaka al-ʾaymana, thumma al-ʾaysara, wa-taṣubbu ʿalā ẓahrika wa-baṭnika ḥattā taʾtiya ʿalā sāʾiri jasadika. thumma tatajāfā ʿan mawḍiʿika fa-taghsilu qadamayka, ʾillā ʾan yakūna al-mawḍiʿu munḥadiran fa-ighsil fīhi qadamayka ʾin shiʾta ʾam fī ghayrihi.
Then begin on your right: wash your right side and then your left, pouring water over your back and belly until you have covered your whole body. Move away from where you were standing and wash your feet, unless the place slopes so that the water runs off. In that case you may wash your feet there or elsewhere, as you wish.
وَكَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللّٰهُ عَنْهُ يَنْضَحُ فِي عَيْنَيْهِ، وَلَيْسَ ذٰلِكَ عَلَى النَّاسِ عِنْدَ أَحَدٍ مِنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ. وَلَمْ يَكُنْ ذٰلِكَ مِنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللّٰهُ عَنْهُ غُلَوَاءَ، وَلٰكِنِ احْتِيَاطًا، وَكَانَ يُدْخِلُ أُصْبُعَهُ فِي سُرَّتِهِ. وَأَجْمَعَتِ الْعُلَمَاءُ عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَغْسِلَ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْ جَسَدِهِ.
Wa-kāna ibnu ʿUmara raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhu yanḍaḥu fī ʿaynayhi, wa-laysa dhālika ʿalā al-nāsi ʿinda ʾaḥadin mina al-ʿulamāʾi. wa-lam yakun dhālika mini ibni ʿUmara raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhu ghulawāʾa, wa-lākini iḥtiyāṭan, wa-kāna yudkhilu ʾuṣbuʿahu fī surratihi. wa-ʾajmaʿati al-ʿulamāʾu ʿalā ʾannahu laysa ʿalayhi ʾan yaghsila ʾillā mā ẓahara min jasadihi.
Ibn ʿUmar, may God be pleased with him, used to splash water into his eyes. No scholar considers people obliged to do that. For Ibn ʿUmar, may God be pleased with him, it was caution rather than excess. He also used to put his finger into his navel. The scholars agree that a person is required to wash only the outward surface of his body.
Source page 364
الْمَشْيُ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ
Al-mashyu ʾilā al-ṣalāti
Walking to prayer
ثُمَّ تَمْشِي إِلَى صَلَاتِكَ بِالْخُشُوعِ وَالْإِجْلَالِ لِمَنْ تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَقِفَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ وَتُنَاجِيَهُ وَتَسْأَلَهُ، وَتَتَعَرَّضَ لِرِضْوَانِهِ وَغُفْرَانِهِ.
Thumma tamshī ʾilā ṣalātika bi-al-khushūʿi wa-al-ʾijlāli liman turīdu ʾan taqifa bayna yadayhi wa-tunājiyahu wa-tasʾalahu, wa-tataʿarraḍa liriḍwānihi wa-ghufrānihi.
Then walk to your prayer with humility and reverence for the One before whom you intend to stand, to speak intimately with Him, to ask of Him, and to seek His pleasure and forgiveness.
وَعَلَيْكَ أَنْ تَتَقَدَّمَ لِلصَّلَاةِ بِأَرْبَعٍ: بِالطُّهْرِ بِالْمَاءِ مُتَوَضِّئًا لَهَا، وَطَهَارَةِ الْجَسَدِ وَالثَّوْبِ وَالْبُقْعَةِ الَّتِي تُصَلِّي فِيهَا، وَالنِّيَّةِ وَالْعَزْمِ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ رَجَاءَ ثَوَابِ اللّٰهِ تَعَالَى وَخَوْفَ عِقَابِهِ، وَتَأْدِيَةِ فَرْضِهِ.
Wa-ʿalayka ʾan tataqaddama li-al-ṣalāti bi-ʾarbaʿin: bi-al-ṭuhri bi-al-māʾi mutawaḍḍiʾan lahā, wa-ṭahārati al-jasadi wa-al-thawbi wa-al-buqʿati allatī tuṣallī fīhā, wa-al-niyyati wa-al-ʿazmi ʿalā al-ṣalāti rajāʾa thawābi Allāhi taʿālā wa-khawfa ʿiqābihi, wa-taʾdiyati farḍihi.
You must approach prayer with four things: purification with water, having performed the ritual washing for it; purity of body, clothing, and the place where you pray; the intention and resolve to pray in hope of God Most High’s reward and fear of His punishment; and the discharge of His obligation.
ثُمَّ أَرْبَعٌ عَلَيْكَ أَنْ تَدْخُلَ لَهَا فِيهَا: تَوَجُّهُ الْقِبْلَةِ وَتَحَرِّيهَا، وَالْعَزْمُ عَلَى تَرْكِ مَا لَا يَجُوزُ فِي الصَّلَاةِ مِنْ أَعْمَالِ الدُّنْيَا وَطَلَبِ مَنَافِعِهَا، وَرَفْعُ الْيَدَيْنِ، وَالْكَبِيرُ عِنْدَ الدُّخُولِ.
Thumma ʾarbaʿun ʿalayka ʾan tadkhula lahā fīhā: tawajjuhu al-qiblati wa-taḥarrīhā, wa-al-ʿazmu ʿalā tarki mā lā yajūzu fī al-ṣalāti min ʾaʿmāli al-dunyā wa-ṭalabi manāfiʿihā, wa-rafʿu al-yadayni, wa-al-kabīru ʿinda al-dukhūli.
Then there are four things with which you must enter it: facing the direction of prayer and carefully determining it; resolving to leave aside worldly activities and the pursuit of worldly benefits that are impermissible in prayer; raising both hands; and “the great” as you begin [the printed term is unclear; apparently the declaration “God is greater”].
تَرْفَعُهُمَا وَأَنْتَ مُتَوَجِّهٌ بِبَاطِنِ الْكَفَّيْنِ إِلَى الْقِبْلَةِ، مَعَ رَفْعِ الْيَدَيْنِ وَهُوَ الْإِحْرَامُ، وَيَحْرُمُ عَلَيْكَ كُلُّ شَيْءٍ حَلَّ لَكَ مِنْ أَمْرِ الدُّنْيَا قَبْلَ أَنْ تَدْخُلَ. فَتَبْقَى تَتَحَرَّمُ بِالصَّلَاةِ عَمَّا نُهِيتَ أَنْ تَفْعَلَهُ فِيهَا.
Tarfaʿuhumā wa-ʾanta mutawajjihun bibāṭini al-kaffayni ʾilā al-qiblati, maʿa rafʿi al-yadayni wa-huwa al-ʾiḥrāmu, wa-yaḥrumu ʿalayka kullu shayʾin ḥalla laka min ʾamri al-dunyā qabla ʾan tadkhula. fa-tabqā tataḥarramu bi-al-ṣalāti ʿammā nuhīta ʾan tafʿalahu fīhā.
Raise them with your palms facing the direction of prayer, together with the raising of the hands: this is the entry into the sacred state. Every worldly activity that was permitted to you before you entered now becomes forbidden. You remain in prayer’s sacred state, refraining from what you have been forbidden to do in it.
وَتَقُومُ إِذَا أَرَدْتَ الدُّخُولَ فِيهَا وَأَنْتَ عَازِمٌ فِيهَا لِلّٰهِ تَعَالَى، مُعَظِّمٌ لَهُ، ذَاكِرٌ لِعَظِيمِ قَدْرِهِ [وَ] الْمَقَامِ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، مُجِلٌّ لِمَنْ تُنَاجِي، تَرْجُو أَنْ يُفِيدَكَ فِي مُنَاجَاتِكَ مَا تَحْيَا بِهِ فِي دِينِكَ، وَيُخْبِتَ لَهُ قَلْبُكَ، وَأَنْتَ مُقْبِلٌ بِوَجْهِكَ وَقَلْبِكَ عَلَى اللّٰهِ سُبْحَانَهُ.
Wa-taqūmu ʾidhā ʾaradta al-dukhūla fīhā wa-ʾanta ʿāzimun fīhā li-llāhi taʿālā, muʿaẓẓimun lahu, dhākirun liʿaẓīmi qadrihi [wa] al-maqāmi bayna yadayhi, mujillun liman tunājī, tarjū ʾan yufīdaka fī munājātika mā taḥyā bihi fī dīnika, wa-yukhbita lahu qalbuka, wa-ʾanta muqbilun biwajhika wa-qalbika ʿalā Allāhi subḥānahu.
When you wish to enter prayer, stand with your resolve directed to God Most High, honoring Him and remembering His immense majesty [and] what it means to stand before Him. Revere the One to whom you speak intimately, hoping that in your conversation He will grant you what brings your religious life alive and makes your heart humble before Him. Turn your face and heart toward God, glory be to Him.
وَرُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: «إِذَا قَامَ الْعَبْدُ إِلَى صَلَاتِهِ فَكَانَ هَوَاهُ وَقَلْبُهُ وَوَجْهُهُ إِلَى اللّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ انْصَرَفَ كَمَا وَلَدَتْهُ أُمُّهُ».
Wa-ruwiya ʿani al-nabiyyi ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama ʾannahu qāla: «ʾidhā qāma al-ʿabdu ʾilā ṣalātihi fa-kāna hawāhu wa-qalbuhu wa-wajhuhu ʾilā Allāhi ʿazza wa-jalla inṣarafa kamā waladat-hu ʾummuhu».
It is reported that the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, said, “When a servant rises to pray and his desire, heart, and face are turned toward God, mighty and majestic, he leaves as he was when his mother bore him.”
Source page 365
وَقَالَ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: «إِذَا صَلَّى أَحَدُكُمْ فَلْيُصَلِّ إِلَى سُتْرَةٍ، وَلْيَدْنُ مِنْهَا، حَتَّى لَا يَقْطَعَ الشَّيْطَانُ عَلَيْهِ صَلَاتَهُ».
Wa-qāla ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama: «ʾidhā ṣallā ʾaḥadukum fa-l-yuṣalli ʾilā sutratin, wa-l-yadnu minhā, ḥattā lā yaqṭaʿa al-shayṭānu ʿalayhi ṣalātahu».
He, God bless him and grant him peace, also said, “When one of you prays, let him pray facing a screen and draw close to it, so that Satan does not interrupt his prayer.”
وَاذْكُرْ عِنْدَ دُخُولِكَ فِيهَا عَظِيمَ قَدْرِ مَنْ تُنَاجِيهِ، عَازِمًا عَلَى تَرْكِ مَا يَنْقُضُهَا، وَأَنَّكَ دَخَلْتَهَا لِتُطِيعَ اللّٰهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَتُجِيبَ إِلَى أَمْرِهِ، وَتَفْهَمَ مَا تَتْلُو مِنْ أَمْرٍ وَنَهْيٍ، وَوَعْدٍ وَوَعِيدٍ، وَتَفْهَمَ أَنَّهُ دَعَاكَ لِتَخَافَهُ فَتُبَادِرَ طَاعَتَهُ، وَوَعَدَكَ عَظِيمَ الْجَزَاءِ لِتَمْتَثِلَ أَمْرَهُ.
Wa-udhkur ʿinda dukhūlika fīhā ʿaẓīma qadri man tunājīhi, ʿāziman ʿalā tarki mā yanquḍuhā, wa-ʾannaka dakhaltahā lituṭīʿa Allāha ʿazza wa-jalla, wa-tujība ʾilā ʾamrihi, wa-tafhama mā tatlū min ʾamrin wa-nahyin, wa-waʿdin wa-waʿīdin, wa-tafhama ʾannahu daʿāka litakhāfahu fa-tubādira ṭāʿatahu, wa-waʿadaka ʿaẓīma al-jazāʾi litamtathila ʾamrahu.
As you enter prayer, remember the immense majesty of the One to whom you speak. Resolve to leave aside whatever invalidates it. Remember that you have entered it to obey God, mighty and majestic, to respond to His command, and to understand the commands and prohibitions, promises and threats that you recite. Understand that He has called you to fear Him and so hasten to obey Him, and has promised you an immense reward so that you will carry out His command.
وَتَكَلَّفْ إِحْضَارَ عَقْلِكَ فِيمَا تَتْلُو دُونَ مَا سِوَاهُ، وَكَذَلِكَ فِيمَا تَعْمَلُ مِنْ ذِكْرٍ وَتَسْبِيحٍ وَتَشَهُّدٍ وَرُكُوعٍ وَسُجُودٍ بِنِيَّةِ الْإِبَانَةِ فِيمَا تَعْمَلُ، خَاشِعًا مُتَذَلِّلًا،
Wa-takallaf ʾiḥḍāra ʿaqlika fīmā tatlū dūna mā siwāhu, wa-ka-dhālika fīmā taʿmalu min dhikrin wa-tasbīḥin wa-tashahhudin wa-rukūʿin wa-sujūdin biniyyati al-ʾibānati fīmā taʿmalu, khāshiʿan mutadhallilan,
Make the effort to keep your mind present to what you recite, rather than anything else. Do the same in your remembrance, glorification, testimony of faith, bowing, and prostration, intending to make clear to yourself what you are doing, with humility and submission.
يَتْلُو لِسَانُكَ، وَيُفَسِّرُ قَلْبُكَ مَا تَعْلَمُ تَفْسِيرَهُ،
Yatlū lisānuka, wa-yufassiru qalbuka mā taʿlamu tafsīrahu,
Let your tongue recite and your heart explain what you know how to explain.
وَتَفْهَمُ الْأَمْرَ وَالنَّهْيَ، وَالْوَعْدَ وَالْوَعِيدَ، وَالْوَعْظَ وَالْأَدَبَ، وَعَظِيمَ النِّعْمَةِ، وَلَطِيفَ الدَّعْوَةِ مِنَ اللّٰهِ تَعَالَى، وَعَظِيمَ النِّعْمَةِ عَلَيْكَ فَهْمَ يَقِينٍ تَقْصِدُ بِتَفَهُّمِهِ الْمَزِيدَ وَالْغَنِيمَةَ.
Wa-tafhamu al-ʾamra wa-al-nahya, wa-al-waʿda wa-al-waʿīda, wa-al-waʿẓa wa-al-ʾadaba, wa-ʿaẓīma al-niʿmati, wa-laṭīfa al-daʿwati mina Allāhi taʿālā, wa-ʿaẓīma al-niʿmati ʿalayka fahma yaqīnin taqṣidu bitafahhumihi al-mazīda wa-al-ghanīmata.
Understand the commands and prohibitions, promises and threats, admonition and instruction, immense blessing, and gentle call from God Most High, and the immense blessing bestowed on you. Understand with certainty, seeking further increase and gain through that understanding.
وَكَذَلِكَ كُلُّ مَا تَتْلُو مِنْ أَخْبَارِ الْأُمَمِ الْمَاضِيَةِ وَمَا يَكُونُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، يَنْظُرُ قَلْبُكَ حِينَئِذٍ كَأَنَّكَ مُشَاهِدُهُ حِينَ تِلَاوَتِكَ، وَاللِّسَانُ نَاطِقٌ، وَالْقَلْبُ مُتَوَهِّمٌ مُتَفَهِّمٌ، فَإِنْ سَهَا عَنِ الْفَهْمِ رَدَدْتَهُ بِالْحَيَاءِ مِمَّنْ أَنْتَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ أَنْ يَرَاكَ مُعْرِضًا مُعْرِضًا بِقَلْبِكَ عَنِ الْفَهْمِ عَنْهُ، وَعَنْ فَرَائِضِهِ عَلَيْكَ.
Wa-ka-dhālika kullu mā tatlū min ʾakhbāri al-ʾumami al-māḍiyati wa-mā yakūnu baʿda dhālika, yanẓuru qalbuka ḥīnaʾidhin kaʾannaka mushāhiduhu ḥīna tilāwatika, wa-al-lisānu nāṭiqun, wa-al-qalbu mutawahhimun mutafahhimun, fa-ʾin sahā ʿani al-fahmi radadtahu bi-al-ḥayāʾi mimman ʾanta bayna yadayhi ʾan yarāka muʿriḍan muʿriḍan biqalbika ʿani al-fahmi ʿanhu, wa-ʿan farāʾiḍihi ʿalayka.
Likewise, whatever you recite of accounts of past peoples and of what will happen afterward, let your heart look on as though you were witnessing it while you recite: the tongue speaks, while the heart imagines and understands. If your heart wanders from understanding, bring it back through shame before the One in whose presence you stand, lest He see you turning away, turning your heart away from understanding Him and His obligations upon you.
وَتَفَهَّمْ تَفَهُّمَ مَنْ يَرَى بِقَلْبِهِ سَقَمًا يَطْلُبُ شِفَاءَهُ مِنَ اللّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، يَفْهَمُ مَا يَتْلُو لَاجِئًا بِسِرِّهِ إِلَيْهِ فِي نَيْلِ قُوَّةِ الْخَشْيَةِ، وَمَزِيدِ الْفَهْمِ، وَعُلُوِّ الْمَعْرِفَةِ.
Wa-tafahham tafahhuma man yarā biqalbihi saqaman yaṭlubu shifāʾahu mina Allāhi ʿazza wa-jalla, yafhamu mā yatlū lājiʾan bisirrihi ʾilayhi fī nayli quwwati al-khashyati, wa-mazīdi al-fahmi, wa-ʿuluwwi al-maʿrifati.
Seek understanding as someone who sees an illness in his heart and seeks its healing from God, mighty and majestic. Let him understand what he recites, taking refuge in Him with his innermost self to attain stronger awe, deeper understanding, and higher knowledge.
وَتُصَلِّي صَلَاةَ مُوَدِّعٍ، تَتَوَهَّمُ وَتَخَافُ أَنَّكَ لَا تُصَلِّي لِلّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ غَيْرَهَا، فَأَكْمِلْهَا بِجُهْدِكَ. وَرُوِيَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: «إِذَا قُمْتَ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ فَصَلِّ صَلَاةَ مُوَدِّعٍ».
Wa-tuṣallī ṣalāta muwaddiʿin, tatawahhamu wa-takhāfu ʾannaka lā tuṣallī li-llāhi ʿazza wa-jalla ghayrahā, fa-ʾakmilhā bijuhdika. wa-ruwiya ʾanna al-nabiyya ṣallā Allāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallama qāla: «ʾidhā qumta ʾilā al-ṣalāti fa-ṣalli ṣalāta muwaddiʿin».
Pray as someone saying farewell, imagining and fearing that you will never pray another prayer to God, mighty and majestic. Perfect it with all your effort. It is reported that the Prophet, God bless him and grant him peace, said, “When you rise to pray, pray as someone saying farewell.”
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